课程 17：嵌套数据结构

1. 嵌套数据结构基础

1.1 概念与意义

# 二维列表（表格/矩阵）
matrix = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
# 三维列表（立体数据/多张表）
cube = [[[1,2],[3,4]], [[5,6],[7,8]]]
# 树结构（用嵌套字典/列表表示）
tree = {'value': 1, 'children': [{'value': 2}, {'value': 3}]}
# JSON数据（本质是嵌套字典和列表）

1.2 创建与访问嵌套结构

# 嵌套列表
scores = [[90, 85], [88, 92], [75, 80]]
print(scores[1][0])  # 88
# 嵌套字典
students = {
    'Alice': {'math': 90, 'eng': 85},
    'Bob': {'math': 88, 'eng': 92}
}
print(students['Bob']['eng'])  # 92
# 列表中嵌套字典
users = [
    {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 20},
    {'name': 'Bob', 'age': 21}
]
print(users[0]['name'])  # Alice

# 修改嵌套元素
scores[0][1] = 95
students['Alice']['math'] = 100
# 插入新元素
scores.append([82, 88])
students['Tom'] = {'math': 80, 'eng': 78}
# 删除元素
del students['Bob']['eng']

1.3 深拷贝与浅拷贝

import copy
lst = [[1,2],[3,4]]
shallow = lst.copy()
deep = copy.deepcopy(lst)
shallow[0][0] = 99
print(lst)      # [[99, 2], [3, 4]]
print(deep)     # [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

2. 遍历与处理嵌套结构

2.1 遍历嵌套列表

matrix = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
for i, row in enumerate(matrix):
    for j, item in enumerate(row):
        print(f"matrix[{i}][{j}] = {item}")

2.2 遍历嵌套字典

students = {
    'Alice': {'math': 90, 'eng': 85},
    'Bob': {'math': 88, 'eng': 92}
}
for name, subjects in students.items():
    for subject, score in subjects.items():
        print(f"{name} {subject}: {score}")

2.3 递归遍历多层嵌套

# 递归打印任意层嵌套列表
def print_nested(lst, level=0):
    for item in lst:
        if isinstance(item, list):
            print_nested(item, level+1)
        else:
            print('  '*level + str(item))
print_nested([1, [2, [3, 4]], 5])

2.4 扁平化嵌套列表

# flatten: 将多层嵌套列表拉平成一维
def flatten(lst):
    result = []
    for item in lst:
        if isinstance(item, list):
            result.extend(flatten(item))
        else:
            result.append(item)
    return result
print(flatten([1, [2, [3, 4]], 5]))  # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

3. 嵌套结构的实际应用

3.1 统计与分析

# 统计每个学生的平均分
students = {
    'Alice': {'math': 90, 'eng': 85, 'cs': 95},
    'Bob': {'math': 88, 'eng': 92, 'cs': 80}
}
for name, subjects in students.items():
    avg = sum(subjects.values()) / len(subjects)
    print(f"{name} 平均分: {avg:.2f}")

3.2 树结构与多级菜单

# 用嵌套字典/列表表示树结构
menu = [
    {'name': '文件', 'children': [
        {'name': '新建'}, {'name': '打开'}
    ]},
    {'name': '编辑', 'children': [
        {'name': '复制'}, {'name': '粘贴'}
    ]}
]
def print_menu(menu, level=0):
    for item in menu:
        print('  '*level + item['name'])
        if 'children' in item:
            print_menu(item['children'], level+1)
print_menu(menu)

3.3 JSON数据解析与导出

import json
# 嵌套结构转JSON
books = [
    {'title': 'Python入门', 'author': '张三', 'price': 59.9},
    {'title': '数据结构', 'author': '李四', 'price': 69.0}
]
json_str = json.dumps(books, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
print(json_str)
# JSON转嵌套结构
books2 = json.loads(json_str)
print(books2)

3.4 复杂查找与筛选

# 查找所有价格大于60的书
expensive_books = [book for book in books if book['price'] > 60]
print(expensive_books)

4. 嵌套结构的常见错误与调试

# 防御式访问嵌套字典
def get_score(students, name, subject):
    return students.get(name, {}).get(subject, None)
print(get_score(students, 'Alice', 'math'))  # 90
print(get_score(students, 'Tom', 'math'))    # None

# defaultdict自动嵌套字典
from collections import defaultdict
def tree():
    return defaultdict(tree)
data = tree()
data['a']['b']['c'] = 1
print(dict(data))

# pprint美观打印嵌套结构
from pprint import pprint
pprint(students)

5. 可视化与调试技巧

5.1 递归打印树状结构

def print_tree(data, level=0):
    if isinstance(data, dict):
        for k, v in data.items():
            print('  '*level + str(k))
            print_tree(v, level+1)
    elif isinstance(data, list):
        for item in data:
            print_tree(item, level+1)
    else:
        print('  '*level + str(data))
print_tree(students)

5.2 JSON格式化输出

print(json.dumps(students, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2))

6. 编程练习与挑战

7. 综合作业与项目